This article throws light upon the twelve main factors determining the incidence and shifting of tax. The factors are: 1. Elasticity of Demand 2. Elasticity of Supply 3. Price acts an Engine of Shifting 4. Tax Area 5. Time Period 6. Coverage of Tax 7. Availability of Substitutes 8. Nature of Demand for Commodities 9. Business Conditions 10. Types of [...]
After reading this article you will learn about:- 1. Definition and Characteristics of Tax 2. Objectives of Taxation 3. Principles. Definition of Tax: In every country major part of the revenue is raised through taxation. According to Prof. Taylor "Taxes are compulsory payments to governments without expectations of direct return or benefit to the tax payer". Prof. Bastable "defined a [...]
This article throws light upon the three main criterions for defining the concept of optimal taxation. The criterions are: 1. Minimization of Resource Cost 2. Equity Criteria 3. Efficiency Criteria. Criteria # 1. Minimization of Resource Cost: A tax system usually involves cost of collection to the authorities and a resource cost to the taxpayers. However, in deciding on alternative [...]